LOWI Primer

About this Document

This document is intended as training and reference material for controlling Innsbruck Airport (LOWI). It covers the stations LOWI_TWR and LOWI_APP. This page is work in progress. If you are controller: Feel free to discuss and edit.

If you are a Pilot: The page LOWI for pilots is a better source for you, with more info on flying airplanes and less on controlling.

AIRAC status is 1510 (17SEP14OCT/15).

General

Euroscope Display Settings

In the last AIRAC, the LOC approaches (East and West, see later in this document) are patched in. It makes sense to activate:

• Stars:*LOWI OEJ (West)
• Stars:*LOWI OEV (East)

(That's in Display Settings -> Stars) In contrast, it makes sense to hide the extended centerlines, as they make absolutely no sens in Innsbruck - they end in mountains and noone can fly them.

Also, it makes sense to display the following fixes, as they are end/starting points for SIDs and STARs:

• ADILO, BRENO, ELMEM, KOGOL, LIMRA, MOGTI, NANIT, OBEDI, RASTA, TULSI, UNKEN

Finally, you really need the display of the different MRVA (Minimum Radar Vectoring Altitudes) around Innsbruck, as they vary substantially.

Location

Innsbruck is one of the most thrilling airports to fly from and to, for various reasons:

• It is deep in the Inn valley, surrounded by mountains as high as 8000ft (to the north) and >10000ft (to the south and West). This means that approach is particularly long, and flying is limited to a narrow corridor. Turns within the valley need to be done with speed < 165kt and maximum bank (25° or more) to avoid rock.
• The runway is somehow not in line with the valley, so approach and takeoff is not straight-in-or-out. Instead, the last part of approach and the first part of departure is visual only.
• LOWI has peculiar wind conditions - "Föhn". This is a very strong and gusty southerly wind. Under these conditions, aircraft usually perform a "special Föhn" departure and arrival to avoid vomiting passengers and heart attacks. At VATSIM, these conditions cannot be simulated, but some local pilots love to fly it.
• The runway has no complete adjacent taxiways for entering and exiting - Departing (and sometimes arriving) aircraft need to backtrack on either side, which takes time and makes Tower controlling a real thrill.
• X-Plane 9 has LOWI as (nice) standard scenery, which provokes many X-Plane newbies to try out their skills here - interesting experience for controllers, to be polite.

Airspaces around LOWI

As Innsbruck is deeply buried in "the canyon", airspace is out of the norm (See Alex Arlow's graphic below: [1]):

A lot has changed concerning Airspace in Innsbruck in the past few years. The reason is: ICAO is in ongoing transition to RNAV approaches and departures. There is a goal to have at least 70% of all runway ends supplied with RNAV procedures. Nevertheless - this is quite tricky in Innsbruck where everything is so buried between mountains. So, they have established some RNAV and GNSS approaches and departures, but they need to be protected (separate VFR and IFR), and that means: Innsbruck has the most modern approaches in Austria, but also the most complicated TMA structure. More infos for nerds are here at Austrocontrol.

Top Level >FL245

Above FL245, airspace is Airspace Class C and delegated to München Radar.

Middle level: CTA

Three CTA's (managed by LOWI_APP) have the same top levels (FL245) but start at different minimums. And - they are only there where there are no TMA - they "wrap around" the TMA. In Alex' graph above, the CTA are the white space around the coloured TMA & CTR.

• CTA C (to the North and East, above Karwendel and out the Inn valley) start with Alt 7.500 with Airspace class E (uncontrolled), have Class D from FL125 to FL195, and Class D from FL195 to FL245.

• CTA Glockner has Class D from 14.500 ft to FL195 and Class C from FL195 to FL245.

• CTA Arlberg has Class D from 13.500ft to FL195 and Class C from FL195 to FL245.

TMA for IFR entry/exit

Around the IFR approach and departures, TMA (managed by LOWI_APP) protect the in- and outbound IFR flights from (frequent) VFR conflicts. They all go up to FL245, but with different lower limits (as there are mountains):

• TMA Innsbruck 1 (blue-and-green above CTR) reaches from A7000ft.
• TMA Innsbruck 2 (yellow) start at A9000ft
• TMA Innsbruck 3 (dark red) start at A10500ft
• TMA Innsbruck 4 (orange) starts at 9500ft
• TMA Innsbruck 5 (red) starts at 9500ft

All TMA are sliced the same way as CTA: Class C above FL195, Class D below FL195.

CTR for Innsbruck Airport

• From the bottom, CTR (blue, controlled by LOWI_TWR) reaches up to A7000ft (mark: actual altitude, not FL). If no higher ATC is available, then Innsbruck Tower controls up to A11000ft (that's where aircraft can turn north to Germany). CTR has Airspace Class D, which means in this case: IFR flies in via dedicated approach procedures (no vectors!) and all aircraft need to request permission from LOWI_TWR.

See Alex Arlow's posting for details on the (relatively new) TMA. With the Austrocontrol KML file and Google Earth, you are able to see all airspaces in 3D - here are two screenshots:

Austro Control has published a really neat PPT (which you find here, in which you find a handy screenshot:

(c) Austrocontrol

How the hell can LOWI_APP manage this?

Let's try to make things simpler by ignoring the difference between CTA and TMA:

• Only look at aircraft up to FL245.
• Above FL195, separate all aircraft. Below FL195, separate IFR/IFR, and IFR/VFR only when practical.
• Make Euroscope show MRVA and you know approximately where your airspace bottom is.
• If VFR aircraft call in above A7000ft, take them. Point the others to LOWI_TWR.
• Pick up all IFR aircraft outside Innsbruck CTR and separate them.
• Pick up all VFR aircraft above MRVA and separate them (you won't get many).
• Pick up all VFR aircraft near ELMEM, KTI and RTT (the TMA's, to be precise) above A7000ft and separate if necessary.
• Hand over all Pilots flying into Innsbruck to LOWI_TWR (they fly into Innsbruck CTR).

What will you lose with this simplification?

• You might pick up some VFR aircraft between A7000ft and A9500ft, which are actually below your airspace - they would not mind. You are on the safe side with this.

(A note from Claus: sh... that's complicated. Please check this section: I am not sure if I read the charts correctly!)

What that means for controlling Innsbruck

• Approach and go-arounds are especially long - a go-around adds up to 15min to flight time - more, if there is a holding to queue through.
• For LOWI_APP, the thrilling thing is to judge distances and speed far in advance: Decisions to merge different approaches (LOC DME East, West and ELMEM) are made some 5 minutes before planes actually meet, with little room for manoevre once the decision is made.
• For LOWI_TWR, there are many thrilling things:

1) you have tasks to do which other airports have a director for: final approach sequencing. You have to slow aircraft or speed them up, issue altitude restrictions and more (you won't give them headings - too much rock around, but rather orografic directions based on terrain).

2) Your task on top is to manage the merger of different approaches with VFR and more.

3) You even have to manage go-arounds, as they regularly get in conflict with your arrivals. 4) You don't have DEL or GND - you do it all. It's really fun to do!

Airport

(see the aerodrome chart, which is [here].)

X-Plane Screenshot of LOWI

Apron

• The far eastern part is for General Aviation (GAC East).
• The middle part of the apron is for larger birds.
• Local General Aviation is at the very Western part in front of Hangars I, II and III.
• In the western part is a "cutout" in the grass. On earlier charts, this was marked as helipad. Some choppers still use it - clarifiaction ("heliport in front of hangar II") is recommended Otherwise Copters are parked like planes (depending on size) at the main apron.
• Rescure and police helicopters operate from the "Flugrettungszentrum" (ICAO: LOJO), which is south of hangar III and the engine run stand. Local pilots pronounce it "Lojo" and don't spell it. LOJO is not part of any standard package. Giannis MSFS add on scenery has it, and X-Plane has it too.
• Apron, hangar and LOJO is not under TWR control. Therefore, you treat it as any space within CTR. you tell QNH, wind and "takeoff/landing at own discretion", as long as they don't interfere with runway or taxis.
• The Apron has no predefined "stands" in real life. In real life, aircraft are handed off to the follow-me car. As there is no car at VATSIM, "taxi to stand of your choice" is best, maybe added by "in the western part of the apron" - for some mysterious reason many aircraft tend to log on in front of the tower in the eastern part.

Holding points

• A on the taxiway A towards rwy 08
• B1 (facing east before turning into B) and B2 (facing west, before turning into B). They are not shown on the VACC charts and not included in FS or X-Plane standard scenery, but included inGiannis LOWI scenery for MSFS. Don't expect pilots to find it. "Holding point B" works perfectly.
• L holding point is relevant for the GAC parking.

Runway and around

• Runways 08 and 26 both have turnpads. Some pilots report "runway vacated" when standing on it, so be aware.
• North of the runway is taxiway Y which is grass and for light aircraft and gliders only. Some pilots think it smart to use it if they miss taxiway A to vacate, or the adjacent "Schleppweg" (glider tow track) with 767's and are a bit surprised.
• About 1,5nm final rwy 26 is the rooftop helipad of the hospital (LOIU). This is not part of the MSFS or X-Plane standard scenery. If the helipad is occupied, inform arriving aircraft about a "floating" heli: "traffic information: stationary helicopter at the hospital helipad at 1.5nm final".

Runway configurations

Be aware that a few factors restrict runway configurations, mainly: position in the valley and pilots' ability.

• Easiest for pilots is outbound 08 / inbound 26. (Almost) all pilots can handle this. But this is an opposite configuration. In this case, outbound taxi is via A, and backtrack is only granted as long as arriving traffic is above RTT. Always instruct maximum rate of climb. This is the least efficient configuration - only at low traffic.

• Once this configuration gets crowded, you can only speed up lineup by 1) clearing departing traffic to A, 2) order arriving traffic short landing and hold on the runway short of A, and if this works out: 3) order departing to lineup and backtrack 08 and 4) order arriving to taxi via A to the apron.
• If short landing does not work out, the arriving has to taxi all the way back to B while the departing lines up and backtracks. You can ONLY do this, if the approach sequence is free from RTT to final - outbound aircraft need the airspace.

• Easiest for controllers and best high traffic situation is 26 only. Departing aircraft taxi via B and circle (with max rate of climb) and reach AB with 6000ft or more. With this, vertical separation is guaranteed and you can get aircraft in and out fast. Bear in mind that you need at least 5nm arriving distance in case a landing aircraft overshoots A. You need at least 7nm arriving distance to get an aircraft off the ground (backtrack and takeoff).

• The most common mistake is to forget a LOC DME West arrival which kisses the departing aircraft in mid-air. Also, you won't allow ELMEM arrivals (they go to 08 only).

• Föhn config is 08 only. Arriving aircraft must be able to circle. You need at least 10nm arriving distance to bring an aircraft out.

• High traffic trick: Best procedure is to issue backtrack 08 early, and at the moment the arriving aircraft is turning left at AB for circling, takeoff clearance is given (and the next arrival must be 7nm before AB to provide vertical separation).

• High End config is "as it comes": Use 26 and 08 as it fits, instruct pilots "on the fly" to change arrival runways and the like. Usually it is less efficient than 26only, but much more fun for pilots and controllers.

VFR Traffic

LOWI VFR routes old and new

This section describes the VFR situation since 2012.

There are four entry/exit routes: North (November), South (Sierra), East (Mike) and West (November). They are all designed to be approached under the adjacent TMA, so LOWI_APP has nothing to do with it. Technically, VFR can enter in the TMA, but there is little reason for it.

The MIKE route has a dog's leg to the south at Mike2, and the reason is: this is the best way to separate IFR from VFR. LOC DME East passes this route high above just before Mike2, crossing from the southern slope to the north (at AB NDB), so VFR aircraft cross underneath and enter the VFR holding south of the airport. This VFR holding south of the airport is even better, as it does not conflict with IFR aircraft circling 08.

You can be very eclectic with VFR traffic (means: do-as-you-like) to separate them from IFR traffic. Order them to fly to the southern or northern slope of the valley, to circle on the spot where they are, to climb or descend. The defined routes are made for maximum separation and are good to clear if you have a lot of traffic (as you don't need to think about them).

VFR holdings are further out (Mike 2, Whiskey 2, November 2) and further in (south of the airport), where they will be directed to 08 or 26, whichever is free.

Radio Communication Failure for VFR

Caution: RCF procedures are not at the VATSIM charts - expect pilots to do what they want (you might tell the pilot via pm what he/she can or should do). In real life for VFR, the following rules apply:

• If RCF occurs before CTR entry clearance, then the pilot has to divert to an airport in uncontrolled airspace.
• If RCF occurs after CTR entry clearance, then the pilot follows this clearance and lands. ([reference]. If the clearance is until holdings, then in real life aircraft continue to a predetermined position near the airport (for west: north and for east: south) and await light signals (or, in fact: they call in by cellphone).
• At VATSIM, expect RCF aircraft to do what they want, really... :-)

IFR Traffic

STAR

There are several STARs leading to entry points into the valley:

• TULSI3A comes from Munich. EDDM_CTR hands them over with FL170 before TULSI - just enough to bring them down to 10.000ft at RTT (so give them descent orders right at contact).
• SBG3A is very rare.
• RASTA4A comes from Vienna and is handed over at about FL180. There is plenty of time to descend from this side.
• There are some airways directly ending at RTT without STAR clearance. CTR should coordinate that descent with APP.
• If yo need to get an aircraft from East to West, there is RTT1B (and the other way around? Issue "direct RTT" or vector)
• From the South, there are two BRENO arrivals - one to RTT and one (new!) to ELMEM.
• From the West, there are two arrivals to ELMEM. Before 2015, they ended in KTI for the LOC DME West approach, but that is gone - too difficult to fly. Local pilots like it though.

Approach

Innsbruck has two standard directions to fly in, but "standard" is relative: They are not straight-in and you have to land visually on rwy08 or rwy26 (either approach).

Visibility limits

Visibility limits are up to pilots. If visibility in the valley is below minimum standards for the approach, it is a courtesy to pilots to warn them, but decision is up to them. If you want to be "as real as it gets" and follow the Austrian AIP, then you could restrict...

• no IFR departure below ground visibility of 1.500m and ceiling below 1.300ft above the ground (which makes about 3.300ft altitude)

• no IFR Special performance departure below RVR 300m.

• There are some more restrictions, but much too complicated for VATSIM. You can look into the Innsbruck AIP, page 2-17f.

IFR from the East

LOC DME East Approach

LOC DME East approach

This approach is most popular, but many pilots don't read the charts and surprise both themselves and controllers: It has a glideslope, so many aircraft think it is an ILS and discover their mistake some 100ft over ground that they head for the apron and a hangar - funny manoevers happen.

• Minimum visibility is 6 miles, as AB NDB is MAPt. For Tower controllers that means: Clear them to land at AB NDB, or issue "expect late clearance" so that they can continue. If pilots don't hear anything, they must go around (noone does in fact...)

• Go-around is a challenge: Continue slow and max. rate of climb until D1 OEV, do a steep turn left and back to AB NDB, a 74° climbout until D14 OEV and then a straight RTT into the holding - expect pilots do whatever they can.

• The approach leads into runway 26 and 08 - so tower is flexible.

Special LOC DME East approach

...is the same as the "normal" LOC DME East, but has a lower decision heigt and a Missed Approach Point which is the outer marker. On pilot's request, and as the pilot has to monitor decision height, controllers can grant it and ignore the rest.

• As MAPt is the outer marker, minimum visibility should be 4,1 miles or more.

• Also this approach leads into runway 26 and 08 - so tower is flexible.

• Go-around is the same as LOC DME East.

RNAV 0.3 (RNP) 26

This approach is very rare and on pilot request only (as aircraft have to be equipped with GPS with 0.3nm accuracy). The approach is very similar to Special LOC DME East approach.

• This approach leads into rwy 26 only (and might mess up your runway config, if you have 08). Go-around is different - a RNAV turn in the upper Inn valley and return to RTT NDB. If you discover that landing on 26 is impossible, you have to ask the pilot "able for visual approach circling 08", and if the pilot is unable, issue a go-around.

• This arrival is the least to close when visibility declines: 2 miles is enough.

In fact, most virtual accidents happen on go-around. Those who most likely evade the mountains - if they don't hit a fellow airplane - are those who visually climb out the valley. Clearance phrase is:

"Cleared RNAV RNP Approach Runway 26"

LOC R RWY 26 arrival

A relatively new approach is the combination of two:

• descend the LOC DME East approach,

• but the go-around is an RNAV go-around up the valley - bear in mind that someone might arrive from ELMEM.

Caution, there is no runway change to 08 - this is 26 only. The clearance phrase is important:

"Cleared Localizer Runway 26 Approach, followed by RNAV missed approach."

(there is no "Localizer RNAV Approach"!)

IFR from the West

LOC DME West Approach

LOC DME West approach

A challenge! The "old" West approach is less in use than some years ago before the ELMEM approaches opened. A steep descent from KTI NDB over the airport to AB Locator at 5000ft, where a tight (visual) right turn leads them into the position of either continuing towards RWY26 or RWY08. Pilots who don't read charts think that this approach directly leads to RWY 08. Some dive for it when they have runway in sight and end up with 300kt on short final.

• This approach has no glideslope (hence LOC). Aircraft have to descend with v/s on and good planning. The descent levels at 5000ft above the outer marker with a few extra miles level flight for landing configuration (as aircraft will likely hit mountains flying the right turn with approach speed).

• Caution: LOC DME West is not part of standard FS2002 and 2004 (but included in X-Plane 9). It is recommended (to APP) to check in advance, if the pilot is able to do this. Some pilots use the back course of LOC DME east with smashing results.

• This approach is challenging to anyone doing it for the first time. Descent is steep and you need to be at 160kt for the right turn - in fact, you almost need to prepare your aircraft for landing (flaps, gear, speed 160kt) above KTI. If APP wants to be polite, he/she tells them and sends them into the KTI holding until speed is down. If controllers notice aircraft rushing down with more than 250kts, prepare to extend their downwind eastwards or order go-around.

• Go-around is the 08 departure route: 67° inbound OEJ and 65° outbound OEJ, past RTT NDB and a left turn into RTT holding. Normally, it won't conflict with LOC DME East approach, as the arriving aircraft will pass way below.

• Visibility has to be extensive: LOC DME West is for cloud-breaking purpose only: cloud base must be more than 5000ft and visibility depends on aircraft category: 3km for A and B, 5km for C and D.

Special LOC DME West approach has been omitted by july 2011. Use standard LOC DME West approach.

RNAV approaches for runway 08

... is an IFR approach out of a local custom: Before 2014, aircraft were cleared LOC DME West approach, and when they crossed the Inn valley and saw it clear of clouds, they requested a visual dive for runway 08. So, Austrocontrol made a rule out of the habi and defined two IFR approaches starting at ELMEM.

• They descend on (the same) GPS waypoints into the valley,
• followed by a MATF (missed Approach Transition Fix) for the go-around via WI103 (the outer Marker) to WI001 (RTT NDB).
• Aircraft should fly a teardrop entry into the RTT holding (expect 80% not to know what that is).

RNAV GNSS Z 08

"Cleared RNAV GNSS Z runway 08"

• This approach is for cloudbreaking only: ceiling must be above 4100ft and visibility 5km or more. From WI006 (MAPt), aircraft have to fly visually.

RNAV RNP Y 08

"Cleared RNAV RNP Y runway 08"

• This approach is for bad weather too, as the RNAV route ends at WI754 just short of the runway. In fact, it is the only bad-weather-approach in Innsbruck.

Visual Landing

The "old" approaches (LOC DME East and West) meet at AB NDB. They are best for controllers, as options for landing are most flexible: From there, there are two ways to the runway (see the visual approach chart):

• rwy26: For east approach, this is almost straight-in. For DME west approach, a steep right hand circle into final.
• rwy08 For DME east approach, aircraft turn left towards INN and then circle right onto final. Aircraft almost need landing speed to turn. For DME west appraoch, aircraft turn right hard (landing speed!) over AB, fly left downwind as DME east approach and then turn right into final.

Caution: It is TWR's responsibility to merge traffic arriving at AB NDB!

How to clear approaching aircraft to land

Approach is long, and many things happen in the meantime. Therefore, we recommend step-by-step clearances:

1) Clear all approaching aircraft with a reporting point which is no later than the MAPt:

For LOC DME East and West, this is AB NDB.

for all RNAV 08, it's "runway in sight".

for RNAV 26, it's WI103, which is AB NDB.

For circling approaches (DME west and DME east->rwy08) clear "visual circling rwy 08, report crosswind", and then clear to land.

2) Once they are there, clear them to land.

This step-by-step clearance helps to stay flexible if the situation changes. You could clear to land at fist contact at 13.000ft, but the plane would still be flying for several minutes before touchdown and you might have forgot, who has a landing clearance and who not.

One example with two aircraft: LHA123 is just after RTT for LOC DME East approach, and LHA456 at KTI for LOC DME West approach. As LHA123 from the east is lower (RTT is 9500ft) and nearer (15 DME AB) than LOC DME west (FL130 and 18-20 DME AB), it will be first in:

LHA123: Innsbruck TWR, gutn Tach, Laipzich Air 123 LOC DME East established.
TWR: Leipzick air 123, servus. Contintue, Wind 230° 4kt, runway in use 26, report AB NDB.
LHA123: will report AB, LHA123.

Next is LHA456, who has to slow down (as 3-5nm is not enough separation). Anyway, for LOC DME West approach aircraft should prepare their aircraft at KTI for landing: Speed down, flaps down, and they might need speedbrakes up. It is a good precaution to tell this to pilots: West approach is steep and many aircraft get too fast and are in too early. The only way out would be a go-around to RTT. Caution if you order speed down: There might be an aircraft behind - yu might need to check with APP.

LHA456: Innsbruck TWR, hallo, LHA456 LOC DME West established FL130.
TWR: LHA456, servus, continue, wind 230°4kt, runway in use 26, reduce to landing speed, report AB NDB.
LHA456: Reducing to landing speed, will report AB, LHA456.

Now LHA123 is near AB and sees the runway. He gets and clearance to land, plus traffic info, as the other acft is roughly 5-7nm away, head-on and above:

LHA123: LHA123, AB.
TWR: LHA123, traffic info: Approaching company airline on LOC DME West at 12 o'clock, 7000ft. Wind 230°4kt, rwy26 cleared to land.
LHA123: Traffic in sight, rwy26 cleared to land, LHA123.

As LHA123 is away from AB, LHA456 gets clearance further on into final, plus traffic info, and after reporting final, clearance to land. If there is no traffic around, TWR could clear him to land at once (Strictly speaking, both aircraft could meet at AB, as LOC DME West approach should be about 700ft higher. But it's close and you will have problems with lateral separation at final anyway. If you produced such a problem, you could order LHA456 circling 08 at landing speed and hope that LHA123 vacates quickly). Most likely, LHA123 is still busy vacating the runway, so landing clearance is not possible yet:

TWR: LHA456, approaching company acft on LOC DME west 6000ft at your 12 o'clock position. After AB continue visual circling rwy26, report final.
LHA456: Wilco, traffic in sight, LHA456.
LHA456: LHA456 on final 26, runway in sight.
TWR: LHA456, wind 230°4kt, rwy26 cleared to land.

Tricky conflict situations

Arriving/departing too close

Sometimes, aircraft come too close to each other, departing from 08 and arriving LOC DME East (mostly because aircraft climb out fast-and-low). What can you do?

• Giving the arriving aircraft go-around most likely increases your trouble: flight paths cross.

• You could order the departing aircraft max rate of climb. This helps, if the pilot really does it, and if it's not a whale (747 or so). If it doesn't, you are still in trouble.

• You can order the departing aircraft visual climbout down the valley with max altitude well below the glidepath. Expect some funny reactions when you attempt to change a MD81 to visual.

• Most elegant solution: Separate both aircraft visually. To do this, ask the landing aircraft if he is able to perform visual landing south of the localizer. If yes, then clear him visual approach south side of the localizer and give traffic information. Then, clear the departing aircraft visual climbout north side of the valley and give traffic information. It may be a scary moment if two A320 pass in mid-air in the narrow valley, but it is legal.

It could sound like this, assume that DLH1 is departing and AUA2 is arriving:

LOWI_TWR: AUA 2, are you able for visual approach south of the localizer?
AUA2: Affirm able for visual approach south.
LOWI_TWR: AUA, cleared for visual approach south of the localizer, traffic information: departing A320 at your 1 o'clock position, passing to your right, confirm in sight.
AUA2: visual approach, traffic in sight, AUA2.
LOWI_TWR: Lufthansa 1, cleared visual departure north side of the valley, traffic information: arriving B737 passing to your right, confirm in sight.
DLH2: visual departure north side, traffic in sight, DLH2.

Departing aircraft are too slow lining up

Sometimes, departing aircraft are too slow lining up and backtracking for takeoff. This will result in arriving aircraft on an occupied runway. What can you do with an approaching aircraft?

• You instruct departing aircraft to hold position and instruct arriving traffic to go around. But go-around in LOWI is very long and time-consuming: Aircraft have to climb all the way to RTT and back.
• Most elegant solution: If the pilot is able for visual manoever, you can offer him to circle visually and re-enter final. Once the aircraft is on downwind, quickly push departing aircraft out. That could sound like this:

LOWI_TWR: DLH1, hold position, say again: hold position, acknowledge.
DLH1: Holding position, DLH1.
LOWI_TWR: AUA2, go-around, say again: go around, or alternatively visual left traffic pattern, report intentions.
AUA2: Requesting visual traffic pattern, AUA2.
LOWI_TWR: AUA2, cleared visual left hand pattern at 3500ft or above, report ready for base turn over AB, 
(after AUA2 is away over the airport:)
LOWI_TWR: DLH1, cleared for immediate takeoff, expedite.

This manoever works with 26-only and 08-only, just the other way around.

Aircraft meeting at AB NDB

Absam NDB is the focal point for almost every approach and departure - things can get really nasty there.

It could either happen, that two aircraft from LOC DME East and West meet head-on at AB NDB, or that a go-around from 08 kisses an arriving aircraft from LOC DME West. Both are really difficult situations which they cannot resolve on themselves, as TCAS might advise them to something that terrain won't allow (and TCAS is first, ATC is next). What can you do? First, you have to bear in mind, that any solution might cause the next problem (and you have a chain of problems to fix). Second: These are the options.

• Clear the LOC DME West arrival to level off at 6000ft. The LOC DME East arriving will pass well below. There is still room to descend while turning into final. Anyway, you might need to clear the LOC DME East for rwy26 and the West for rwy08 for separation.

• If you notice the problem early: Make one aircraft reduce to landing speed - better the East arrival, as the West descent is steep. Bear in mind that this might mess up arrival sequence behind.

• If a go-around gets in the way of an arriving LOC DME West: Separate vertically by clearing the go-around at 5000ft until AB NDB and the arriving at 6000ft. Bear in mind that restricting the go-around in altitude might make the next mess with following arrivals on LOC DME East. The brute force solution is to clear the LOC DME West approacher a visual go-around at the Northern slope, while the LOC DME East go-around is cleared visually out the southern slope of the valley (you have to give them traffic information, and you have to separate them as soon as they are clear of peaks).

Bear in mind: These are really tricky manoevers. You need experienced pilots and controllers to do it.

Go-arounds

• Go-around for LOC DME East is a steep left turn and climbout to RTT.
• Go-around rwy 08 is a straight climbout to RTT.
• Go-around of RNAV 0.3 RNP arrival rwy26 is along waypoints into the upper Inn valley where the aircraft does a steep left turn and returns the approach path to RTT - Nobody flies this.

Go-arounds go all the way back to RTT - that takes a lot of time and could mess up the next arriving aircraft. If there are other landing aircraft on LOC DME East, max rate of climb is necessary. Some pilots don't do this and must be reminded.

To smart pilots, you can offer a visual circuit, leading them back to final via AB, see the section above.

Departure

NEW Flight plan clearances

There is (almost) nothing special on flight plan clearances (which are done by TWR, there is no DEL in Innsbruck), except:

• If you clear a special performance SID (RTT1W, KPT1Z, RTT2Z, RTT1Y, RTT1X), you have to ask if the pilot (and his/her plane) is able to fly it. There are two reasons for an "unable": Not enough climb rate and no RNP0.3 equipment. If the pilot is unable, clear an alternative (RTT1W & RTT2Z->RTT2J, KPT1Z->ADILO1J, RTT1Y & RTT1X->RTT2H).

• Visual departures: put a note in the text field so that Approach knows, where he/she is up to. You might want to coordinate with APP before. Generally, all special departures are on pilot's request.

• Be careful on the initial climb altitude: Standard clearance is FL160. If an aircraft has a lower RFL, then this makes no sense, but take care: There are mountains around and you need to clear to the minimum safe altitude - if the RFL is too low, then you have to amend the flight plan to the next suitable FL. What is the minimum safe altitude and the matching FL? You have to calculate:

1. KPT departures have MSA 11.500ft. You have to add the safety distance (like you calculate TA and TL according to QNH: add 0 to 3000ft) and then take the next matching flight level. Example: For QNH 1019, it is: 11.500ft+1000ft=12.500ft. The next matching flight level (to the west: even) is FL140.

1. ADILO departures have MSA 13.000ft, and you have to calculate accordingly. For QNH 1019, it is: 13.000ft+1000ft=14.000ft -> FL140.

1. All departures east via RTT have the standard 11.000ft TA. Add the safety distance and you have the miminum RFL. For a flight to LOWS at QNH 1019, you take: 11.000ft+1.000ft=12.000ft -> FL130 (east=odd).

For information on TA and TL, see the Transition_Altitude_and_Level glossary !

As standard, all departures are initially cleared FL160. In busy time, things are different: Most departures fly through RTT NDB, where arriving planes might circle in the holding. In this case coordinate with LOWI_APP to clear aircraft to a "free" flight level (best is FL110), where noone circles - this is where departing aircraft are "shot through". LOWI_APP has to keep this level free - arriving aircraft will descend from FL120 all the way to A10.000ft and head for the localizer.

Departure Rwy 08

08 is the "easy" way out, but don't expect it to be easy for controllers, as the SIDs can conflict with LOC DME East approach. If you don't have inbound traffic, the standard departure routes are fine. If you have, there are alternatives.

Some pilots are programmers only - they only can fly what their FMC tells them :-) They might not have SIDs with visual parts in it. Strictly, you can deny departure. There is no RNAV departure for runway 08.

Standard departure routes 08

• RTT2J, OBEDI2J, RASTA3J, UNKEN1J, KOGOL2J all have the same pattern: out on runway heading, following the 067° OEJ in- and 065° outbound radial until 9.500ft, then a turn onto their next waypoint. If they are too low at RTT, they must fly by RTT to the right and then do a left turn back to RTT. APP will (and should) issue a direct order when the aircraft reaches MRVA to the next waypoint (which is pretty high for the South and only FL110 for the North).

Danger: All this SIDs conflict with LOC DME East approach, as climb rates are too low for vertical separation. If you have a LOC DME East inbound aircraft, then you must issue "max rate of climb" (and hope that aircraft can and pilots do), or reclear to RTT1W departure: It has a steeper climb rate and approach paths don't overlap - they just cross at approx. 7DME OEJ.

Also, some pilots don't have OEJ (which is not part of the Standard MSFS scenery), and they most likely fly anything to RTT.

Special SIDs 08

• RTT1W, ADILO1J and (new) BRENO1J have double climb rates (but are still within the range of standard departures). With RTT1W you might risk conflict with LOC DME East arrivals. The other departures are only a problem to pilots.

• KPT2J departure needs a climb rate of 10% and needs approval by the pilot.

Visual climbout 08

• Sometimes you notice too late that a departing jet darts out at 250kt and too low climb rate, AND you have a LOC DME east inbound aircraft. What can you do? separate them visually left-around. Let the departing aircraft fly out on the left (northern) side and let the arriving aircraft continue on the LOC, which is on the southern side. See the "tricky conflict situation" section above for details.

Departure Rwy 26

All SIDs for 26 start with a visual part. All but one (Mogti1H) have max rate of climb on runway heading, a slight visual right and a steep visual left onto the 67° inbound and 65° outbound LOC OEJ. Expect pilots not to find OEJ (not part of the standard MSFS scenery) and fly out visually. Usually, aircraft are high enough to pass over LOC DME East arrivals. If they don't have 5000ft after their turn, order "max rate of climb".

Standard SIDs 26

• RWY 26->RTT: RTT2H, OBEDI2H, RASTA3H, UNKEN1H, KOGOL2H have a common pattern: Follow the inbound 66° OEJ and outbound 64°. Once clear of peaks, APP should issue directs to avoid the crowd at RTT NDB.

• RTT1Y is the higher-rate-of-climb-alternative for the standard SIDs, if you have inbound traffic on LOC DME East. Aircraft must climb 5.4% or more and are clear of arriving traffic at AB NDB. The SID also passes AB slightly south and then crosses the approach part to the north (but not enough for IFR separation).

• ADILO1H has the visual circle left and a steep right turn after OEJ and needs a higher climb rate than the "standard" SID via RTT (6.5%). Aircraft should have enough altitude above AB NDB (5.000ft) to separate from LOC DME East approach, but you never know.

Special SIDs 26

• BRENO1H is like Adilo1H, but on request only

• RTT2X is RNAV 0.3: Only for equipped aircraft. This route flies up the Inn valley along waypoints, turns around and flies back to WI001=RTT NDB. In practice, aircraft fly this route with max rate of climb until clear of peaks and then a direct routing - the rest of the route is backup if anything goes wrong. On pilot's request only.

• There is a new MOGTI1H departure (GNSS and special performance). Aircraft fly visually up the Inn valley and at WI802 then turn to MOGTI. Nice departure to the west, as these aircraft are away quickly.

• Based on this, MOGTI1X departure is the same route, but with RNAV from the runway (without visual part). It also requires the same equipment and special performance.

• Some pilots come along with the departure to ELMEM (ELMEM1H). The departure is similar to the MOGTI1H, but continues at WI802 to ELMEM and was only in use for around 1Q 13.

Visual

• RWY 26 visual: Aircraft fly up the Inn valley until clear of peaks and then directly to their next waypoint. This departure often "happens": Pilots head for ADILO or KPT and forget that they have to turn twice. Instead of reminding them (then they turn too late and smash the mountain below KTI), you can reclear them "visual climbout west" to avoid even more trouble (controllers' benefit: They are out of the way then!)

Common mistakes by pilots

• To RTT, many pilots tend to depart fast-and-low instead of slow-and-high. If you have arriving traffic at LOC DME East, then remind pilots (2, 3 times) of a max rate of climb. If they have 5.000ft at AB NDB, they climb enough.

• On rwy26 departures, some pilots turn right instead of left, doing a CFIT into the Martinswand; the reason is that the left turn is slightly more than 180° and many autopilots (like the x-plane standard AP) turn the shorter side. In reality, a pilot with activated autopilot at that stage ends in a coffin or in jail. IF pilots fly out somehow strangely, it is a good idea to confirm "visual climbout west", as vectoring usually worsens the situation.

• Some pilots do not understand that ADILO1H has a left turn towards OEJ and a right turn towards INN and end up with visual climbout. Not your problem unless you have VFR traffic in the W or N corner.

Föhn procedures

"Föhn" procedures are at pilot's request. Rarely used at VATSIM, as simulators can't simulate the strong (5-20kt) and gusty (20-40kt) winds. Local pilots like to do it for fun, so you should know it. The wind situation at Föhn is tricky: Wind breaks in through the Brenner valley from the South and (with escalating Foehn) drifting down the northern slope, dividing over Innsbruck to the West AND the East. As the airport is west of the city, local winds at the airport are from calm to easterly, where everything a bit higher up is full of gust and windshear. People will need vomit bags and pilots need good nerves.

Föhn operations lead to rwy08only and are visual only (with Föhn, view is excellent).

• Arrivals descend high along the northern ridge between 8000 and 5000ft, were turbulence is least. West of the city (sometimes as far west as Seefeld!), aircraft dive for base and final rwy08. There is no standard circling 08, as it would lead aircraft right through the funnel of the storm around INN NDB.

• Departures depart runway 08 and immediately drift to the northern slope, where pilots climb in the least turbulent air.

• ADILO departures also climb on the northern slope and turn westwards above the turbulent area.

• KPT departures are not recommended, as this SID turns very early = low in the middle of turbulence. The better alternative is standard Föhn departure (eastwards) and direct KPT above 10.000ft.

Spacing

The best thrill of the Innsbruck TWR controller is spacing. As Innsbruck has few and narrow approaches and backtracks on runways, spacing is well beyond other airports. As a rule of thumb, the following spacings are "conservative guesses" - you will most likely be on the safe side If you have the balls (and pilots can fly), you can shorten ist on your own risk :-)

Dep 08 / Arr 26

This is opposite runway configuration, and the standard at low traffic. You really don't get many aircraft through, but there is no stress at all.

• Departing aircraft should be beyond AB NDB and have a proper climbing rate (>5000ft at AB), before arriving aircraft are cleared for approach (meaning: leaving RTT NDB, hat is >12nm).
• If the departing aircraft is too low, you have to separate visually (both left: departing to the North, arriving to the South).
• Consider outbound- and inbound-waves (with RTT holdings) to get more aircraft in and out.

Dep 26 / Arr 08

You need plenty of space for that, too. Arriving and departing aircraft meet in mid air south of the airport. This is not a standard configuration - it only occurs when you switch runways in use. Separation is horizontally: Departing is well above the arriving. Therefore:

• As soon as departing aircraft reach >5000ft, clear aircraft for approach, but this should happen before AB NDB. If the aircraft is still that low after AB NDB, you can't clear anyone coming in until the speedbrake is away.

Dep 08 / Arr 08

This is the standard Föhn procedure, and somehow tricky: Departing 08 will conflict with arriving LOC DME East.

• Departing aircraft have to pass AB NDB with enough climb rate (>5000ft at AB) before you clear anyone for approach - same as Dep08/Arr26.
• There is an exception with Föhn: The Föhn arrival goes along the Northern slope and is visual - you can clear for visual Föhn arrival and visual departure, if pilots are able for this.
• There is one trick too: Let one departure line up on 08, and let one arrival pass AB NDB, where it circles for 08. As soon as the arriving is out of the way, push the departing 08 out. When the departing passes AB NDB, clear the next for approach, let a departing line up, ...
• Bear in mind the ELMEM arrivals, ending up in rwy 08. You need spacing for backtrack and vacating: 5nm should do the job.

Dep 26 / Arr 26

This is the high traffic situation, and it works well without conflicts - with some exceptions. You can clear departing and arriving aircraft as they come. You have to bear in mind backtrack for departures and arrivals:

• Lineup needs some 5nm spacing - plus 2nm for separation means: lineup clearances 7nm before touchdown are the limit.
• Watch departing aircraft if they reach 5000ft before AB NDB (and issue "max rate of climb" if necessary) - they should have >6000ft on downwind, but some pilots admire the view around Sistrans and forget...

Merging LOC DME West and East approach

Both approaches meet at AB NDB, with West at 5000ft and East at 4460ft. There is one problem: vertical separation is not enough.

• Consider merging traffic with enough (7nm) horizontal separation over AB NDB.
• You could shorten this to 3nm separation, if the first plane ist LOC DME East and you clear him into 26 and the second ist LOC DME west and you clear him circling 08.
• You must be very fit if the LOC DME East aircraft does a last-second-go-around: The planes will meet head-on on downwind, and you have to separate them visually (both to their left) in seconds. Best way out is to clear go-around visually straight-ahead up the valley.
• How can you sequence KTI and RTT approaches? Look at the scope: Both descents are roughly the same distance to AB NDB. If you order same speeds, you can treat KTI as if the aircraft were above RTT. (In fact, KTI is a bit shorter, but aircraft need to turn above AB NDB, and that makes KTI about 1-2 miles longer, but you should not separate so tightly as you never know, how fast pilots will descend).

Do not hesitate to give speed orders if necessary, and if it does not mess up arrival sequence.

Reduced runway separation

None, as the risk is too high that an arriving aircraft overshoots the exit and needs a backtrack while the next aircraft lands and might do the same.

Radio Communication Failures for IFR

In real life, there are no predefined RCF procedures for Innsbruck for a good reason: In a narrow valley with lots of VFR and IFR traffic, this could have dangerous consequences if a big bird flies around without contact. There are company-specific rules negotiated between airline and Austrocontrol. As a rule-of-thumb, expect:

• With RCF before approach clearance and handover to TWR: divert to a different airport.
• RCF after approach clearance and handover to TWR: land - TWR should clear the way. Check, if the aircraft has received the runway to expect - if not: Where will it land?

There are no published RCF procedures on VATSIM charts, so expect pilots do what they want and expect the unexpected - most probably they will fly the approach they have been cleared or (if there was no clearance yet) they have filed (KTI or RTT). Most appropriate behaviour of controllers would be to clear the way. In real life, aircraft call in by mobile phone.

Transition Altitudes and levels

... are tricky in Innsbruck: Generally, Transition Altitude is 11.000ft (QNH), but it differs for East and West. Transition level is set by ATC. You should not mess up the two.

• For the East approach, you might have a holding above RTT NDB, which starts at 9.500ft (as the approach). But you have a bundle of departures through RTT NDB - how do you fix this? The trick is: You leave FL 110 empty, where you shoot your departures through. If you want to do this, Tower has to clear initial climb rate of FL110, and holding stack starts at FL120. Any descending aircraft needs to descend from FL120 to 9.500ft altitude.

• For the West Approach, the LOC DME West Approach starts at 11.500ft, and any holding is above 13.000ft (also QNH!). If you have a stack building up, what is the next FL? Either you calculate along QNH (if it's FL140), or you take FL150 and you are on the safe side.

Handover

There are two special things to note here:

• Airspace above LOWI_APP is delegated to Munich Center.
• LOVV_CTR takes over LOWI_APP and LOWI_TWR, if they are not online.

Handover TWR<->APP

Handover between TWR and APP are best, whenever aircraft are conflict-free, as conflicting aircraft should on the same frequency. Teamspeak is very handy at that situation. From experience, it is best to leave as much as possible to TWR - APP hands to TWR when LOC is established, and TWR hands to APP, when aircraft are well above the approach.

Departure

LOWI_TWR hands off to LOWI_APP (and if offline: to LOVV_CTR, and if they are gone: UNICOM - It might make sense to aircraft when to expect a pickup if you see Munich Center or Maastricht Control online; they pick up when the aircraft passes FL245).

Departures are straightforward, if Austrian upstream stations are online. If not, then handoff is tricky, as airspace above LOWI_APP is delegated to Munich. Therefore, handoff is handled in the following order. Read the graph as follows: APP hands to the first station online in the chain.

In practice, things are much easier: I never had more than one Munich CTR online - note down which station, and off you go. Only at special events, more Munich stations are open.

Arrivals

If no LOWI_APP and no LOVV_CTR is present, then aircraft are cleared by München FIR:

TULSI arrivals are cleared at FL150 until TULSI, further released for descent at FL130 (they fly to RTT).
DCT ALGOI arrivals are cleared FL180, further released for descent to FL150 (they fly KTI).

The point to pick pilots up for LOWW_TWR is when established on the LOCs. If they call earlier (which they regularly do), then tell them to continue at their discretion and call back when established:

LOWI_TWR: Leipzig Air 123, Innsbruck Tower, you are still outside my airspace, continue at your discretion and report when established on the localizer.

(you can be nice and add: "for your information: this means leaving RTT at 10.000ft with heading 210 ....")

(This reflects the LoA München FIR/Wien FIR from 1.11.2012)

Handover to APP->TWR

whenever LOC is established and aircraft are conflict-free.

APP issues

Innsbruck Approach has much less to do as Tower does the "director" job. Main things to get organized are:

• arrange arriving traffic from the North and East in a nice stack in the RTT holding.
• Enquire aircraft coming via BRENO if they want to appproach West or East.
• Merge arriving aircraft from East and West so that they don't meet head-on at AB NDB

More precicely, you should take care about:

Airspace

... of LOWI_APP reaches up to FL165 (this is why departing aircraft are cleared FL160).

Airspaces around:

• Above and North is EDDM-CTR. EDDM-APP is near, but not connected.

• East is LOVV-CTR.

• South is Padova Radar (LIPP_N_CTR 125.47) up to FL195. Near, but not connected, is Padova Upper Radar above FL195 (LIUP_CTR 132.90). Sometimes, Milano Radar (LIMN_N_CTR 127.45) is online and takes the whole north Italian airspace.

• East (but not connected) is Swiss Radar (LSAS-CTR)

Arrival

The STARs tell the story: Aircraft meet at RTT NDB or KTI NDB. You can vector aircraft or clear STARs.

• From the North, you get TULSI arrivals at FL150 over TULSI, released for descent to FL130 for RTT.
• ALGOI arrivals are handed off at FL180, further released for descent to FL150 (they fly KTI).
• From the West, aircraft arrive at FL180 or more towards KTI.

Caution: German controllers hand off differently: First they hand off. Second, you accept. Third, they tell the pilot. Fourth, the pilot contacts you. Sometimes, this ends up with the aircraft in sight of RTT.

• Aircraft from the South arrive at BRENO with something like FL150. You can ask or order the pilot to fly BRENO2A or 2B arrival - don't expect all pilots to know the difference :-) You might as well issue a direct to RTT oder KTI.

Towards RTT, clear aircraft to MRVA, and then to descend 10.000ft (local QNH) to be levelled at RTT NDB. Don't forget that you may need to stack them in the holding, AND you need to leave FL110 open to get departing aircraft through -> see holding management.

Towards KTI, the formally correct procedure is to clear aircraft to FL130, let them descend in the holding to 11.500ft (local QNH) and then clear them LOC DME West approach. If they come from the north or northwest, you clear them for 13.000ft and when KTI is less than 10nm away, to 11.500ft and the localizer.

Holding

For East arrivals, stack aircraft in the RTT holding. If you have intense outbound traffic, make sure to leave FL110 empty to "shoot" departing aircraft through. In this case, alert Tower to clear departing aircraft to FL110 only. You have a holding over KTI, which you will rarely need.

There is a trouble at very high traffic: Aircraft arrive low, and the RTT holding is full with about 6 aircraft. If this occurs, then tell München Center to open a holding at TULSI and open another holding at NANIT. To the west, ELMEM is a good choice for a second holding.

Approach

Caution: Arrival procedures start at RTT and KTI, and there is no vectoring beyond these points. If the pilot asks for it, issue go-around and ask the pilot, if he has charts (and divert to EDDM or LOWS if he has not). No-one can land without knowing approach procedures.

For West arrivals, you have to distinguish:

• From the West and Northwest, you can clear aircraft to 11.500 feed (QNH!) straight and clear LOC DME West.
• From the South, aircraft would spoil their nose at that altitude. Either clear them to FL130 to KTI and to fly one turn in the holding to descend before clearing LOC DME West, or clear them to FL140 and BRENO2A arrival, after INN NDB FL120 and when nearing RTT NDB, 10.000ft.

Approach clearance is straightforward:

Leipzig 123, cleared Localizer DME east approach, report established.
Leipzig 456, cleared Localizer DME west approach, report established.

To merge East and West traffic, measure the distance to AB NDB - separate them laterally with at least 6nm for landing with backtrack. If you happen to have aircraft closer, then alert Tower and see if he can clear the first aircraft rwy26 and the second rwy08 (and Tower won't be happy about that mess). In this case, Tower should clear descent of the LOC DME West approaching aircraft to 6.000 to separate horizontally over KTI NDB. Turn and downwind are far enough to descend the remaining 3500ft.

Special performance arrivals are cleared on request only and are much less hassle. RNAV West approach directly ends up in runway 08 - take care about different spacing!

Handover to tower is as soon as the pilot reports established. Beware of departure/arrival conflict situations: You should have both conflict situations on the same frequency - both APP or both Tower. Teamspeak is very handy for this.

Departures

Standard departures to the East all have similar patterns: You get them from Tower when conflict-free. As soon as the aircraft is clear of peaks (FL100) you can issue a direct to avoid conflict with holding aircraft over RTT.

Standard departures to the West are very easy: They (should) just fly out, not messing up anybody.

Handover

Strictly, all aircraft must be handed over to München Center, as the airspace above is his'. But most likely he won't want to have them all, when they fly out east, south or west. In the end, it comes to the following:

• To Germany: hand over to EDDM-CTR.
• To EDDM: München Approach is near and EDDM-CTR might want you to hand pilots directly to Appraoch. Ask him if online.
• To the East: hand over to LOVV-CTR: München won't accept aircraft for a 1 minute transit.
• To the South: the same: hand over to LIPP_N_CTR (125.470).
• To the West: Normally, München Center will take them until Swiss Radar is in range.

Beware the German handover procedures: 1) handover in Euroscope 2) Accept by Controller, 3) handover to the pilot & bye. You can do that after the aircraft has passed RTT or received a direct.

Coordination APP-TWR

Coordination with TWR in Innsbruck is more important than on any other airport in Austria, because runway decision is tower (and might change on short notice), but has major consequences for arrival spacing. So you should do the following:

• TWR needs to tell APP default arrival runway so that APP can adjust spacing.
• APP needs to ask for exceptions (if pilots request the other runway and the like)
• TWR needs to tell all exceptions (other than default departure runway, visual climbouts etc.)
• It is a good idea that APP tells TWR if west approaches come in.

A good help is if the two stations listen to the other's radio (Euroscope: Listen to frequency, and hardware setup: output line 2 to a different speaker), then most coordination problems never occur.

Weather minima

At VATSIM, weather minima are sort of - virtual, by definition. However, we have METAR to have a guess on the weather out there and can follow these conditions.

For Innsbruck, there are no LVP (low visibility procedures) as such. There are minima which are relevant first to the pilot, second to Tower controller.

VFR flight

In real life, there are no special rules for VFR flight, therefore the minima for airspaces apply. Innsbruck CTR is B, and that means:

• up to 10.000ft 5km, above that 8km flight visibility AND
• free of clouds.

TWR can issue a warning at entry clearance that weather is below VMC, if METAR suggests that:

LOWI_TWR: OE-LBN, weather information: flight visibility probably below VMC: visibility 4km, broken clouds with base at 3500ft.

IFR arrivals

• Aircraft category A-B: 3km flight visibility

  For LOC DME East this means: At 1,6nm OEV DME you should see ground, slopes and the runway or go around.

  For LOC DME West this means: Overflying the airport, you should see the airport which is roughly 1,5km below you, and at AB DNB you should see ground and the right mountain slope, which is a good 2km away (if you don't see the slope, you can't turn without hitting it).

• Aircraft category C-D: 5km flight visibility

  For LOC DME East this means: At about 3nm OEV DME you should see ground, slopes and the runway or go around.

  For LOC DME West this means: Overflying the airport, you should see the airport which is roughly 1,5km below you, and at AB DNB you should see ground and the right mountain slope, which is a good 2km away.

It is up to pilots to monitor conditions at landing!

IFR departures

• Ground visibility: 1.500m AND
• Ceiling: 1.500m
• Exception 1: for Special Performance Departure: RVR 300m.
• Exception 2: For departure from Rwy 08, if low fog, mist or snow blowing over the airport:

  RVR 600m AND

  visibility >5km above this layer AND

  no further clouds 3.100ft AAL

It is up to pilots to monitor conditions, but Tower may deny takeoff clearance if visibility is below minima according to METAR. Tower may offer the RNP 0.3 departure instead, or issue a warning

LOWI_TWR: Speedbird xxx, ground visibility is 1.400m, that is below IMC, are you able for RNP 0.3 RNAV departure runway 26?
BAAxxx: Negative, Speedbird xxx, we continue with present clearance.
LOWI_TWR: Speedbird xxx, in this case: go ahead with present clearance, wind calm, runway 26 cleared for takeoff.

LOWI_TWR: Speedbird xxx, RVR 700m, ceiling at 4000ft, above that CAVOK, wind calm, rwy26 cleared for takeoff.